Introduction
‘On reaching Jerusalem, Jesus entered the temple courts and began driving out those who were buying and selling there. He overturned the tables of the money changers and the benches of those selling doves and would not allow anyone to carry merchandise through the temple courts. And as he taught them, he said, ‘Is it not written: ‘My house will be called a house of prayer for all nations’? But you have made it ‘a den of robbers.’ Mark 11:15-17
‘When Jesus entered the temple courts, he began to drive out those who were selling. “It is written,” he said to them, “‘My house will be a house of prayer’; but you have made it ‘a den of robbers.’” Every day he was teaching at the temple. But the chief priests, the teachers of the law and the leaders among the people were trying to kill him. Yet they could not find any way to do it, because all the people hung on his words.’ Luke 19:45-48
Mark tells us that every evening of that week, Jesus withdrew from the city, because it was evening the city gates were closed, Mark 11:11. Jesus returned the next day and went straight to the temple and cleansed it again. Jesus entered Jerusalem at the commencement of the final week of His earthly ministry.
The Temple
The Temple had taken 46 years to build, John 2:20, it was started around 20 BC, the main work was finished in 10 BC, which gives us the date of this statement at AD 26. The Temple was still being worked on when it was destroyed in 70 AD. Some of the blocks used in building the temple were 15 feet square by 4 feet high.
The original temple was built on ground purchased by David and built by Solomon, 2 Samuel 24:18-25 / 2 Chronicles 3:1. It was by a long shot, the grandest and rich of the temples, and once it was destroyed its grandeur was never recaptured. It was destroyed in 586 B.C. by the rampant Babylonians.
A new temple, Zerubbabel’s temple, was built in 520 B.C. after its foundations were laid in 536 B.C. Zechariah 4:9. This was rebuilt by Herod in 20 B.C. and the work was paid for before a start was made, and the sanctuary took just 18 months to complete, however, was still going on in Jesus’ time about 46 years later?
It is thought that work wasn’t yet complete in the outer areas when this last temple was destroyed in 70 A.D. by Romans. The site is now being used by Muslims who have built a Mosque, the Dome of the Rock.
Much is currently being said in Israel about rebuilding a temple. However political considerations regarding the current Mosque on the site prevent this.
The internal area was 33 ½ acres. Some wall blocks were 15 by 4 feet. Built with cream-coloured stone, with spikes on the roof. It was topped off with gold. There was also a plaque on the wall which read, ‘a no enter sign’ warning of death to all non-Jews who enter in three languages, Hebrew, Greek and Arabic.
The Temple was divided into two parts, the Holy Place, with the altar of incense, golden candlestick and table of shewbread. The second part is the Holy of Holies, the heart of the temple, entered into only once a year by the High Priest on the Day of Atonement. The different courts emphasised the strata of religious society, the more important you are, the closer you get to the Holy of Holies.
The two parts were separated by a veil, made of thick cloth. This is the veil that separated man and God and it was torn in two at the point of Christ’s death.
The Inner court or priests court was reserved only for priests, and the sacrifice was burnt on the alter located there. The Antonia Fortress was a Roman fortress, that they used to keep an eye on the happenings on the Temple grounds.
When Jesus reached Jerusalem, He entered the temple courts, drove out those who were buying and selling. He also overturned the tables of the money changers and the benches of those would were selling doves, Mark 11:15-16 / Luke 19:45.
He also stopped trade from coming through the temple courts, and. He quotes Isaiah 56:7 and Jeremiah 7:11 / Mark 11:18 / Luke 19:46.
What was it that angered Him? The abuse of the temple courts and total lack of reverence and respect for both the temple and the law is what angered Him.
The Market Held In The Court Of The Gentiles
This had become a recognised institute and was protected by the temple guard on behalf of their superiors, the priests. The market was known among the Jews as ‘The shops of Annas,’ because it was under the patronage of the High Priest and his family.
They took the franchise, so to speak, the monopoly and took their profit from everything that was sold. The market was not supposed to be a place for general merchandise but only for things needed for the temple ceremonies, i.e. sacrifices, wine, oil and salt used in the ceremonies.
Buyers were largely pilgrims who had travelled far but were also used by local Jews who could afford to spare themselves the inconvenience of bringing their own animals for sacrifice. Not only this, but they could avoid the uncertainty of the ‘Official Inspection’ which was compulsory.
Priests examined animals for sacrifice, for flaws or imperfections or disease and I imagine that, in order to boost flagging sales, they would refuse to accept certain animals. Probably many animals failed its spiritual M.O.T.
Money Changers
The money was needed because of the duty of every male Jew who came to the temple to worship, to pay half a shekel for the upkeep of the temple. This was called ‘Temple Tax’. A half-shekel was equal to a third, or a fourth of a Denarius, or a penny and could only be paid in the temple or Jewish money.
But many coinages were in use in the Roman Empire at that time, and pilgrims from abroad usually only had Greek, Roman or Syrian money, which could not be used. Obviously, Jewish money was not likely to be used in the wider Roman Empire. So, their foreign money had to be exchanged into coins that the temple treasury would accept.
‘When it was almost time for the Jewish Passover, Jesus went up to Jerusalem. In the temple courts, he found people selling cattle, sheep and doves, and others sitting at tables exchanging money. So, he made a whip out of cords, and drove all from the temple courts, both sheep and cattle; he scattered the coins of the money changers and overturned their tables. To those who sold doves, he said, ‘Get these out of here! Stop turning my Father’s house into a market!’ His disciples remembered that it is written: ‘Zeal for your house will consume me.’ The Jews then responded to him, ‘What sign can you show us to prove your authority to do all this?’ Jesus answered them, ‘Destroy this temple, and I will raise it again in three days.’ They replied, ‘It has taken forty-six years to build this temple, and you are going to raise it in three days?’ But the temple he had spoken of was his body. After he was raised from the dead, his disciples recalled what he had said. Then they believed the scripture and the words that Jesus had spoken.’ John 2:13-22
We must note that Mark’s and Luke’s accounts of Jesus clearing the temple took place in the last week of the Lord’s ministry, John puts the account at the commencement of His ministry, John 2:13-22. This is important to understand because some believe it’s the same account of Jesus cleansing the temple.
One of the arguments, probably the strongest argument they are able to advance in favour of this theory, is that John does not mention the second cleansing, nor do Matthew, Mark and Luke.
I suggest to you, that, far from being an argument against the genuineness of these accounts, this is an argument in favour of their genuineness. There is obviously no attempt on the part of these writers to make their accounts harmonise and you might have expected such an attempt if they had not been genuine.
On the contrary, if you examine the three records carefully, you see that there are several differences, which should make it plain that we are dealing with two separate events.
John tells us that Jesus dealt with those who ‘sold’ in the temple, John 2:14, as does Luke 19:45, but Mark, for instance, tells us that, he turned out those who ‘bought and sold’, Mark 11:15. Not just the sellers but also the ‘buyers’ who evidently had taken no notice of the first warning.
Similarly, John says that Jesus told those who sold doves to take their birds and their cages out of the temple court, John 2:15-16. But the second time, again because his warning had gone unheeded, he condemned the sellers of doves along with the rest and overturned their chairs, Mark 2:15.
John says that the Jews challenged Jesus as to His authority, and His right to do this, John 2:18, but the second time there is no such challenge or question from the Jews.
John does not report that Jesus dealt with those who carried objects through the temple, Mark 11:16, or the cries of the children, Mark 10:13-16, and the healing of the blind, Mark 10:46-52, and the lame and the apparently favourable reaction from the people, Mark 11:18.
Of course, the first time He cleansed the temple, he was virtually unknown, and His action was resented. But after three years and particularly with the presence of the Galileans, He has more popular support.
John does not quote Isaiah 56:7, and the mention of the temple as a ‘House of Prayer for all nations’. Nor that Jesus quoted Jeremiah 7:11, ‘Den of robbers’, Mark 11:17. Nor the fear of the Jewish authorities for the people, Mark 11:18.
In fact, to really accept that there was only ‘one’ cleansing of the temple which the writers have put into two different ends of the Lord’s ministry, I think you have to come to the Scriptures with your mind already made up.
If these two accounts were submitted to unbiased critics, with the question, do these records deal with the same event? I am sure they would see many differences that they would say, ‘the situation in the temple had grown worse’, this is suggested by the words, ‘you have made it into a den of robbers,’ Mark 11:18.
Pilgrims in particular, of course, were at the mercy of these temple traders. What went on, was ‘not’ honest trade, which itself would have been wrong in the temple anyway. This was dishonest trade. No! more than that, Jesus said it was a downright robbery, Mark 11:18.
For instance, one record tells that those who sold doves in the temple court, were at one time demanding a piece of gold for every bird they sold to the poor women who came to the temple for cleansing.
And Rabbi Simeon Ben Gamaliel urged them to be satisfied with a piece of silver. Now if the poor local women were subject to this kind of exhortation, what do you suppose happened to the wealthier Jews, coming in from Rome or from other provinces?
And in this way, because they imposed an exchange fee, a great deal of profit was made, a part of which found its way to the priests. The doves are mentioned, Mark 11:17 / John 2:14, because they were required by the law for ceremonies concerned with cleansing, women after childbirth, Leviticus 12:1-8, lepers, Leviticus 14:1-32, and others. So, they too provided a good profit.
Mark reports that Jesus stopped the people from using the temple as a public thoroughfare, Mark 11:16. The people often carried things through the temple court, coming in at the East Gate and going out at the West, or vice versa. In fact, the temple was used as a shortcut between the city and the Mount of Olives.
The Jewish authorities had condemned this practice, according to some scholars. They had said that a sign of reverence for the temple was that no one went up into the Mountain of the temple, with his staff, or shoes, or purse, or dust of the road on his feet; and that no one made it a common thoroughfare.
But it seems that they had not enforced this ruling and so the people were defiling the temple and showing disrespect for it. So, Jesus took the unpleasant action that the authorities neglected to take.
Notice the quotation Jesus uses to cover His actions, Mark 11:17. ‘My house shall be called a house of prayer for all nations’ Isaiah 56:7 / Luke 19:46. This is because the only place that the Gentiles were allowed to enter, the only part of the temple open to them and the only place where they were allowed to pray, was the ‘Court of the Gentiles.’
But how could they pray in a place which had been turned into an open cattle market and money exchange and a public thoroughfare? John 2:14. So, Jesus points out that in allowing these things, the priests were defeating the fulfilment of Scripture.
Notice the strong language He uses, ‘A den of robbers’, Jeremiah 7:11 / Mark 11:17 / Luke 19:46. Remember that Jesus had just travelled to Jerusalem from Jericho, coming, along that notorious Jericho road, where the man fell along with thieves and was helped by a Samaritan, Luke 10:25-37.
Judea in those days was full of thieves and robbers, and they occupied the limestone caves in the hills. But Jesus says that what went on in the temple was every bit as bad as what went on outside.
So, He quotes from Jeremiah’s temple sermon, Jeremiah 7:11. Notice first the reaction of the people, they gathered for Jesus to teach them, Mark 11:17. In fact, these last words were spoken to the people during that teaching, ‘you have made it a den of robbers’, Mark 11:17 / Luke 19:46.
Certainly, the priests were to blame for permitting this traffic to go on, but the people were also to blame for encouraging it by ‘buying’ and they were to blame for using the temple as a shortcut. But there was also healing, the blind and lame came to Him.
These poor sick people usually remained outside the temple altogether, because many of them would not be permitted to enter. But they were emboldened by the presence of Jesus, and they came to Him and He healed them.
And notice the shouts of the children in the temple gates. Hosanna! Mark 11:9. So, the reaction to Jesus was favourable, at least from the people.
But the reactions from the authorities were violent, ‘that they might kill Him’, Mark 11:18 / Luke 19:47-48. However, the priests had to exercise caution, ‘for they feared him because the whole crowd was amazed at his teaching,’ Mark 11:18.
Any of those who had come with Jesus to the city had also come with Him to the temple. In other words, there were many good Galileans present, not just people from the city, who would be under the thumb of the priests and with such enthusiasm being shown for Jesus, it might be dangerous for the priests themselves, if they dared to lay hands on Jesus, Luke 20:1-6.
In any case, they would not stone Him in the temple itself, so they had to plan to put Him to death elsewhere.
