Introduction

Barnes, in his commentary, gives us a useful summary of this chapter.

‘This chapter runs parallel with 2 Samuel 5:1-10, as far as 1 Chronicles 11:9, after which it is to be compared with 2 Samuel 23:8-39, as far as 1 Chronicles 11:40, the remainder 1 Chronicles 11:41-47, being an addition, to which Samuel has nothing corresponding.’

DAVID BECOMES KING OVER ISRAEL

‘All Israel came together to David at Hebron and said, “We are your own flesh and blood. In the past, even while Saul was king, you were the one who led Israel on their military campaigns. And the LORD your God said to you, ‘You will shepherd my people Israel, and you will become their ruler.’” When all the elders of Israel had come to King David at Hebron, he made a covenant with them at Hebron before the LORD, and they anointed David king over Israel, as the LORD had promised through Samuel.’ 1 Chronicles 11:1-3

This chapter deals with the early days of David, but a full account is found in 2 Samuel 5:1-10. Anyone who wants to rule must have the people behind them, and so, after Saul had died, 1 Chronicles 10:1-7, David gains the loyalty of Israel, after they declare that they are his flesh and blood, 1 Chronicles 11:1.

The words ‘you were the one who led out and brought in Israel’, 1 Chronicles 11:2, are an expression meaning military leadership. David would shepherd God’s people and rule over them, 1 Chronicles 11:2 / Psalm 23:1.

David proceeds to make a covenant with the elders of Israel at Hebron to demonstrate that he would rule according to God’s ways, 1 Chronicles 11:3, which was prophesied by Samuel, 1 Samuel 13:14 / 1 Samuel 16:11-13.

After being anointed, he now becomes their king, 1 Chronicles 11:3. This was now the third time David had been anointed as king. Samuel anointed him as king when David was very young, 1 Samuel 16:1-13, and the tribe of Judah anointed him as king the second time when Saul died, 2 Samuel 2:4.

DAVID CONQUERS JERUSALEM

‘David and all the Israelites marched to Jerusalem (that is, Jebus). The Jebusites who lived there said to David, “You will not get in here.” Nevertheless, David captured the fortress of Zion—which is the City of David. David had said, “Whoever leads the attack on the Jebusites will become commander-in-chief.” Joab, son of Zeruiah, went up first, and so he received the command. David then took up residence in the fortress, and so it was called the City of David. He built up the city around it, from the terraces to the surrounding wall, while Joab restored the rest of the city. And David became more and more powerful, because the LORD Almighty was with him.’ 1 Chronicles 11:4-9

To unite the surrounding nations, David and the Israelites march to Jebus, that is, Jerusalem, 1 Chronicles 11:4 / 2 Samuel 5:6-10. The Jebusites were a Canaanite people, Genesis 10:15-16, and they occupied Jebus since the Israelites had entered Palestine over four hundred years before, Joshua 15:8 / Joshua 15:63 / Judges 1:21.

The king of this city was Araunah, 2 Samuel 24:18, and since the city was on the border between the land allotted to Judah and Benjamin, neither tribe took the city from the Jebusites, Judges 1:8 / Judges 1:21.

David eventually took the city, 1 Chronicles 11:5, but the Jebusites remained in the area until the days of Solomon, who eventually subjected the Jebusites to forced labour, 1 Kings 9:20-21.

Joab, the son of Zeruiah, was already the captain of David’s armies; however, David said that whoever leads the attack against the Jebusites would become commander-in-chief, 1 Chronicles 11:6 / 2 Samuel 5:6-8. It appears that Joab didn’t want to lose his position to anyone else and so led the charge, entered Jerusalem, and held his position, 1 Chronicles 11:6.

Notice the distinction between the city of Jebus and the stronghold within the city, 1 Chronicles 11:7, which was captured many years after the city itself, Joshua 15:63 / Judges. 1:21 / 2 Samuel 5:7.

Jerusalem became the capital city of David’s kingdom, 1 Chronicles 11:7-8 / 2 Chronicles 24:13, and he went on and became great, 1 Chronicles 11:9. The reason he became great was simply that God was with him.

DAVID’S MIGHTY WARRIORS

‘These were the chiefs of David’s mighty warriors—they, together with all Israel, gave his kingship strong support to extend it over the whole land, as the LORD had promised—this is the list of David’s mighty warriors: Jashobeam, a Hakmonite, was chief of the officers; he raised his spear against three hundred men, whom he killed in one encounter. Next to him was Eleazar, son of Dodai the Ahohite, one of the three mighty warriors. He was with David at Pas Dammim when the Philistines gathered there for battle. At a place where there was a field full of barley, the troops fled from the Philistines. But they took their stand in the middle of the field. They defended it and struck the Philistines down, and the LORD brought about a great victory. Three of the thirty chiefs came down to David to the rock at the cave of Adullam, while a band of Philistines was encamped in the Valley of Rephaim. At that time, David was in the stronghold, and the Philistine garrison was at Bethlehem. David longed for water and said, “Oh, that someone would get me a drink of water from the well near the gate of Bethlehem!” So the Three broke through the Philistine lines, drew water from the well near the gate of Bethlehem and carried it back to David. But he refused to drink it; instead, he poured it out to the LORD. “God forbid that I should do this!” he said. “Should I drink the blood of these men who went at the risk of their lives?” Because they risked their lives to bring it back, David would not drink it. Such were the exploits of the three mighty warriors. Abishai, the brother of Joab, was chief of the Three. He raised his spear against three hundred men, whom he killed, and so he became as famous as the Three. He was doubly honoured above the Three and became their commander, even though he was not included among them. Benaiah, son of Jehoiada, a valiant fighter from Kabzeel, performed great exploits. He struck down Moab’s two mightiest warriors. He also went down into a pit on a snowy day and killed a lion. And he struck down an Egyptian who was five cubits tall. Although the Egyptian had a spear like a weaver’s rod in his hand, Benaiah went against him with a club. He snatched the spear from the Egyptian’s hand and killed him with his own spear. Such were the exploits of Benaiah, son of Jehoiada; he too was as famous as the three mighty warriors. He was held in greater honour than any of the Thirty, but he was not included among the Three. And David put him in charge of his bodyguard. The mighty warriors were: Asahel the brother of Joab, Elhanan son of Dodo from Bethlehem, Shammoth the Harorite, Helez the Pelonite, Ira son of Ikkesh from Tekoa, Abiezer from Anathoth, Sibbekai the Hushathite, Ilai the Ahohite, Maharai the Netophathite, Heled son of Baanah the Netophathite, Ithai son of Ribai from Gibeah in Benjamin, Benaiah the Pirathonite, Hurai from the ravines of Gaash, Abiel the Arbathite, Azmaveth the Baharumite, Eliahba the Shaalbonite, the sons of Hashem the Gizonite, Jonathan son of Shagee the Hararite, Ahiam son of Sakar the Hararite, Eliphal son of Ur, Hepher the Mekerathite, Ahijah the Pelonite, Hezro the Carmelite, Naarai son of Ezbai, Joel the brother of Nathan, Mibhar son of Hagri, Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Berothite, the armor-bearer of Joab son of Zeruiah, Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite, Uriah the Hittite, Zabad son of Ahlai, Adina son of Shiza the Reubenite, who was chief of the Reubenites, and the thirty with him, Hanan son of Maakah, Joshaphat the Mithnite, Uzzia the Ashterathite, Shama and Jeiel the sons of Hotham the Aroerite, Jediael son of Shimri, his brother Joha the Tizite, Eliel the Mahavite, Jeribai and Joshaviah the sons of Elnaam, Ithmah the Moabite, Eliel, Obed and Jaasiel the Mezobaite.’ 1 Chronicles 11:10-47

Because David successfully united the nations around him, this encouraged many men who were very capable of fighting to join his army, 1 Chronicles 11:10. The parallel passages are found in 2 Samuel 23:8-39.

These mighty warriors united themselves with David while Saul was still reigning, and they influenced the lives of the people when David eventually ascended to the throne in Jerusalem.

Trapp, in his commentary, says the following.

‘The same catalogue of David’s worthies we have in 2 Samuel 23:1-39, but here with a more ample inscription. Christ hath his heroes also, who in their several generations have done ‘worthily in Ephrata,’ and been ‘famous in Bethlehem.’ And if their names be not all registered on earth, yet they are ‘written in heaven,’ and shall one day be renowned in that great amphitheatre, Hebrews 12:22-23.’

Jashobeam, 1 Chronicles 11:10, could possibly be Josheb-Basshebeth of 2 Samuel 23:8, but no one is sure.

Barnes, in his commentary, says the following concerning the chief of the captains, 1 Chronicles 11:11 / 2 Samuel 23:8.

‘Jashobeam was the commander of the first monthly course of 24,090 soldiers, 1 Chronicles 27:2. He is probably the warrior of the name who joined David at Ziklag, 1 Chronicles 12:6.’

Dodo, 1 Chronicles 11:12, is mentioned as Dodai in 1 Chronicles 27:4, but Dodo in 2 Samuel 23:9. Pas Dammim, 1 Chronicles 11:13, was located in Judah, sixteen miles southwest of Jerusalem, 1 Samuel 17:1.

Eleazar, the son of Dodo, the Ahohite, was a man who was with David when they taunted the Philistines, 1 Chronicles 11:12-13. Even though the Israelites retreated, Eleazar stood his ground, 1 Chronicles 11:14, and struck down the Philistines till his hand grew tired and froze to the sword, 2 Samuel 23:10.

Trapp, in his commentary, says the following concerning the three of thirty chiefs, 1 Chronicles 11:15.

‘These famous first three jointly did the following exploit, 1 Chronicles 11:19.’

David earlier spent time in the cave of Adullam with some of his men, whilst hiding from Saul, 1 Samuel 22:1-2. Here, in Chronicles, the verses appear to describe an event which happened just before or just after the battle against the Philistines when David went back to that cave, 1 Chronicles 11:15-16 / 2 Samuel 5:17 / 2 Samuel 23:14-17.

Notice that when the men brought David water from a well, he refused to drink it, 1 Chronicles 11:17-18. His men had risked their lives to bring David a drink of water from the well, but he refused to drink it because he wanted to identify with them, 1 Chronicles 11:19 / 2 Samuel 23:15-17.

Abishai, 1 Chronicles 11:20, who is called Abishai in 2 Samuel 23:18, was the brother of Joab, 1 Chronicles 11:6. He became a national hero for killing three hundred men with his spear, 1 Chronicles 11:20-21 / 1 Chronicles 11:17-19.

As we can imagine, this is only going to encourage the rest of David’s men to be as courageous as he is. He truly was a good example to others, as he is mentioned elsewhere for being such, 1 Samuel 26:6-9 / 2 Samuel 3:30 / 2 Samuel 10:10-14.

Benaiah son of Jehoiada, a valiant fighter from Kabzeel, struck down Moab’s two mightiest warriors and also went down into a pit on a snowy day and killed a lion, 1 Chronicles 11:22 / Judges 14:5-7 / 1 Samuel 17:34-37 / 2 Samuel 23:20.

He also struck down an Egyptian who was five cubits tall, that is, around seven and a half feet tall, 1 Chronicles 11:23 / 1 Chronicles 11:15 / 2 Samuel 23:21. Although the Egyptian had a spear like a weaver’s rod in his hand, 1 Samuel 17:7 / 2 Samuel 21:19 / 1 Chronicles 20:5, Benaiah went against him with a club. He snatched the spear from the Egyptian’s hand and killed him with his own spear, 1 Chronicles 11:23 / 2 Samuel 23:21.

Benaiah was as famous as the three mighty warriors and was held in greater honour than any of the thirty, but he was not included among the Three, and David put him in charge of his bodyguard, 1 Chronicles 11:24-25.

Asahel, 1 Chronicles 11:26, is also mentioned in 2 Samuel 2:18-23. Sadly, he was killed in battle by Abner, who was the commander of Ish-Bosheth’s armies. Notice that the account of Abner killing Asahel and starting a family feud between Joab and Abner, recorded in 2 Samuel 2-3, isn’t mentioned.

Barnes, in his commentary, says the following concerning 1 Chronicles 11:26-32.

‘The list of names here given in 1 Chronicles 11:26-32, corresponds generally with that in 2 Samuel 23:24-39, but presents several remarkable differences.’

1. The number in Chronicles is 47, and the number in Samuel is 31.

2. Four names in the list of Chronicles are not in Samuel.

3. Five names in Samuel are not in Chronicles.

4. Many of the other names, both personal and local, vary in the two lists.

‘It is quite possible that the two lists varied to some extent originally. The writer of Chronicles distinctly states that he gives the list as it stood at the time of David’s becoming king over all Israel, 1 Chronicles 11:10. The writer of Samuel does not assign his list to any definite period of David’s reign but probably delivers it to us as it was constituted at a later date. It is quite possible, therefore, that the names which occur only in Chronicles are those of persons who had died or quitted the army before the other list was made out, and that the new names in Samuel are the names of those who had taken their places, 2 Samuel 23:39.’

Shammoth the Harorite, 1 Chronicles 11:27, is also called Shammah, a Hararite, in 2 Samuel 23:11 / 2 Samuel 23:33 and Shammah the Harodite in 2 Samuel 23:25. Pelonite, 1 Chronicles 11:27, is also called Paltite in 2 Samuel 23:26.

Ira was from Tekoa, in Judah, and Abiezer was from Anathoth, in Benjamin, 1 Chronicles 11:28 / 1 Chronicles 27:9 / 1 Chronicles 27:19. Sibbekai, 1 Chronicles 11:29, is also called Mebunnai in 2 Samuel 23:27. Ilai, 1 Chronicles 11:29, is also called Zalmon in 2 Samuel 23:28.

Ellicott, in his commentary, says the following concerning 1 Chronicles 11:30-31.

‘Maharai the Netophathite, of Netophah, a Levitical canton, 1 Chronicles 9:16. By family, Maharai was a Zerahite, 1 Chronicles 27:13. Heled, more correct than (Heleb) Samuel. Called Heldai, 1 Chronicles 27:15. He was of the clan Othniel. Ithai, not to be confused with ‘Ittai the Gittite’, 2 Samuel 15:19. Gibeah, of Benjamin, was near Ramah. Benaiah the Pirathonite, 1 Chronicles 27:14. Of course, different from Benaiah son of Jehoiada.’

Hurai, 1 Chronicles 11:32, is also called Hiddai in 2 Samuel 23:30. Abiel, 1 Chronicles 11:32, is also called Abi Albon in 2 Samuel 23:31. Abiel the Arbathite, 1 Chronicles 11:32, was possibly from the deserts of Judah, Joshua 15:62. Baharumite was from Bahurim, 1 Chronicles 11:33, which was a town of Shimei, 2 Samuel 16:5 / 2 Samuel 3:16.

Eliahba was from Shaalbonite, 1 Chronicles 11:33, which was a Danite town near Ajalon, Judges 1:35 / Joshua 19:42. Hashem, 1 Chronicles 11:34, is also called Jashen in 2 Samuel 23:32. 11:35 Sacar, 1 Chronicles 11:35, is also called Sharar in 2 Samuel 23:35.

The Pulpit Commentary says the following, concerning 1 Chronicles 11:36.

‘Hepher the Mekerathite. Although this name is not found in the parallel passage, it is tolerably plain that the niche for it is left before the words, 1 Chronicles 11:34, ‘the son of the Maakathite,’ which last word answers to our Mekerathite. Ahijah the Pelonite. This name cannot be identified with the ‘Eliam the son of Ahithophel the Gilonite,’ which answers to it in the parallel.’

Naarai, 1 Chronicles 11:37, is also called Paarai the Arbite in 2 Samuel 23:35. Hezro was a Carmelite, 1 Chronicles 11:37. Which was a town south of Hebron, Joshua 15:55.

The Pulpit Commentary says the following, concerning 1 Chronicles 11:38-40.

‘Among David’s great men were evidently numbered some foreigners, whose admiration and fidelity he must have won. Hence the mention, 1 Chronicles 11:38, of Zobah, and here of the Ammonite, 2 Samuel 8:12 / 2 Samuel 12:26-31, the Beerothite, Beeroth, originally a Hivite city, Joshua 9:17, fell to the lot of Benjamin, Joshua 18:25, to it belonging Rimmon and his two sons, Reehab and Baanah, possibly native Canaanites, the murderers of Ishbosheth, as above, and 1 Chronicles 11:41, the Hittite. The armour-bearer. To be made armour-bearer was a sign of honour and attachment, 2 Samuel 16:21 / 2 Samuel 18:15. The Ithrite means one of the families of Kirjath-Jearim, 1 Chronicles 2:53.’

Uriah the Hittite, 1 Chronicles 11:41 / 2 Samuel 23:39, was the husband of Bathsheba, whom David put on the front line, 2 Samuel 11:15-17, in an effort to cover his sin with Bathsheba. All the names mentioned in 1 Chronicles 11:41 are also mentioned in 1 Samuel 23:1-29.

Coffman, in his commentary, says the following concerning 1 Chronicles 11:41-47.

‘The main list of David’s Mighty Men actually ends with Uriah the Hittite, 1 Chronicles 11:41a. There are thirty-one names, compared with exactly thirty in 2 Samuel 23:24-39. There are some variations in names and spelling. Beginning with 1 Chronicles 11:41b, sixteen other names are listed. These could have been others associated at one time or another with the ‘thirty’, or the Chronicler may have added them to emphasise the representatives of Trans-Jordan who aided the cause of David. There are many such questions which shall remain unanswered.’

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