Introduction

A useful summary of this chapter may be helpful.

In 1 Chronicles 6:1-30, we read about the descendants of Levi. In 1 Chronicles 6:31-48, we read about the Levites who were in charge of the service of song. In 1 Chronicles 6:49-53, we read about the family of Aaron. In 1 Chronicles 6:54-81, we read about the cities belonging to the Levites.

LEVI

‘The sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath and Merari. The sons of Kohath: Amram, Izhar, Hebron and Uzziel. The children of Amram: Aaron, Moses, and Miriam. The sons of Aaron: Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar. Eleazar was the father of Phinehas, Phinehas the father of Abishua, Abishua the father of Bukki, Bukki the father of Uzzi, Uzzi the father of Zerahiah, Zerahiah the father of Meraioth, Meraioth the father of Amariah, Amariah the father of Ahitub, Ahitub the father of Zadok, Zadok the father of Ahimaaz, Ahimaaz the father of Azariah, Azariah the father of Johanan, Johanan the father of Azariah (it was he who served as a priest in the temple Solomon built in Jerusalem), Azariah the father of Amariah, Amariah the father of Ahitub, Ahitub the father of Zadok, Zadok the father of Shallum, Shallum the father of Hilkiah, Hilkiah the father of Azariah, Azariah the father of Seraiah, and Seraiah the father of Jozadak. Jozadak was deported when the LORD sent Judah and Jerusalem into exile by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar.’ 1 Chronicles 6:1-15

There is a lot of space devoted to the genealogies of the Levites, and the reason for this is because of the importance of the priestly tribe in the religious life of Israel. Levi was a son of Jacob, and his family took on a special role in Israel.

They became a special tribe dedicated to the service of God. In this chapter, we find that it begins with Levi’s family line through his three sons, Kohath, Gershon, and Merari, 1 Chronicles 6:1.

Gershon was the father of the Gershonites, Kohath was the father of the Kohathites, his sons are recorded in Exodus, Exodus 6:18. Merari was the father of the Merarites 1 Chronicles 6:1. Each of these sons was given different tasks concerning the tabernacle: Numbers 4:4-15 / Numbers 4:21-28 / Numbers 4:29-33.

Note that the name Gershon, Exodus 2:22 / Judges 18:30, is often spelt as Gershom, elsewhere, 1 Chronicles 6:17 / 1 Chronicles 6:20 / 1 Chronicles 6:43 / 1 Chronicles 6:62 / 1 Chronicles 6:71.

The Pulpit Commentary says the following concerning 1 Chronicles 6:1.

‘This verse gives the three branches of Levi, and is in agreement with the enumeration of them in Genesis 46:11, and Exodus 6:16, Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. We do not have the third parallel passage in the place of mention of the other tribes, Numbers 1:47-54, but it is compensated for somewhat later, Numbers 3:14-20.’

Aaron was the high priest, Moses the prophet and lawgiver, Exodus 6:20, and Miriam a prophetess, 1 Chronicles 6:3 / Exodus 15:20 / Micah 6:4. There are three omissions in the descendants of Aaron.

They are Jehoiada, 2 Kings 11:15 / 2 Chronicles 22:11, Urijah, 2 Kings 16:11 / 2 Kings 16:16, and Azariah, 2 Chronicles 26:17 / 2 Chronicles 26:20 / 2 Chronicles 31:10.

Nadab and Abihu, 1 Chronicles 6:3, are probably famous for all the wrong reasons, they were the ones who offered ‘strange fire’ to the Lord and as a result, were killed by God, Leviticus 20:1-2 / Numbers 3:4.

The descendants of Nadab and Abihu, 1 Chronicles 24:2 / Leviticus 10:1, are omitted, as well as the descendants of Ithamar. Abihu succeeded his father in the high priesthood, the line of which is drawn from Aaron through him into the Babylonian captivity.

Eleazar, 1 Chronicles 6:4, was Aaron’s son, Numbers 20:22-28, who became high priest later. This line is developed until the Babylonian exile of 586 B.C. 1 Chronicles 6:15. We know nothing about Bukki, Uzzi, Zerahiah, Meraioth, Amariah, 1 Chronicles 6:5-7, but they are mentioned again in Ezra 7:1-28.

Ellicott, in his commentary, says the following.

‘Uzzi is assumed to have been contemporary with Eli, whose immediate descendants to the fourth generation exercised the office of the high-priest, according to the data of the Books of Samuel and Kings. The line of Eli is as follows: Eli, Phinehas, Ahitub, Ahimelech, Abiathar, 1 Samuel 1:28 / 1 Samuel 2:4 / 1 Samuel 2:11 / 1 Samuel 14:3 / 1 Samuel 22:9 / 1 Samuel 22:20 / 1 Kings 2:26-27.’

Zadok, 1 Chronicles 6:8, was appointed high priest by Solomon, who deposed Abiathar, 1 Kings 2:27 / 1 Kings 2:35. The name Azariah, 1 Chronicles 6:4, appears in 1 Chronicles 6:9, and 1 Chronicles 6:10, and refers to different priests, both connected to Solomon’s temple, 1 Kings 4:2 / 2 Kings 11:10-11 2 Kings 11:13 / 2 Chronicles 23:10 / 2 Chronicles 35:20.

The Azariah mentioned in 1 Chronicles 6:10 is a grandson of Zadok. Zadok, 1 Chronicles 6:12, served as high priest with Abiathar during David’s reign and later Solomon’s, 2 Samuel 8:17 / 1 Kings 1.

Hilkiah, 1 Chronicles 6:12, was the high priest who discovered the ‘book of the law’, 2 Kings 22 / 2 Chronicles 34. Seraiah, 1 Chronicles 6:12, was the high priest who was killed by Nebuchadnezzar, 2 Kings 25:18-21.

Jozadak, 1 Chronicles 6:15 / Haggai 1:1, was young when he went into Babylon, 1 Chronicles 5:26 / Jeremiah 29:4 / Jeremiah 29:7 / Jeremiah 29:14 / Lamentations 4:22 / Ezekiel 39:28 / Amos 5:27, and whose son Joshua, born in the captivity, came out of it on the proclamation of Cyrus, Ezra 2:2.

‘The sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath and Merari. These are the names of the sons of Gershon: Libni and Shimei. The sons of Kohath: Amram, Izhar, Hebron and Uzziel. The sons of Merari: Mahli and Mushi. These are the clans of the Levites listed according to their fathers: Of Gershon: Libni his son, Jahath his son, Zimmah his son, Joah his son, Iddo his son, Zerah his son and Jeatherai his son. The descendants of Kohath: Amminadab his son, Korah his son, Assir his son, Elkanah his son, Ebiasaph his son, Assir his son, Tahath his son, Uriel his son, Uzziah his son and Shaul his son. The descendants of Elkanah: Amasai, Ahimoth, Elkanah his son, Zophai his son, Nahath his son, Eliab his son, Jeroham his son, Elkanah his son and Samuel his son. The sons of Samuel: Joel, the firstborn and Abijah, the second son. The descendants of Merari: Mahli, Libni his son, Shimei his son, Uzzah his son, Shimea his son, Haggiah his son and Asaiah his son.’ 1 Chronicles 6:16-30

Barnes, in his commentary, says the following.

‘The names in this list are curiously different from those in 1 Chronicles 6:41-43, which yet appear to represent the same line reversed. Probably, both lists are more or less corrupted, and, as in many genealogies, the omission is made to reduce the number of names to seven. e.g. 1 Chronicles 6:22-28, with 1 Chronicles 6:33-38. Compare the other genealogy ties of this chapter and see also Matthew 1:1-17.’

Here we are given the genealogies from the sons of Levi, and they are a repetition of what was written in 1 Chronicles 6:1 / Exodus 6:17. In 1 Chronicles 6:16-19, we find the three sons of Levi mentioned in Genesis 46:11 / Exodus 6:16-19 / Numbers 3:17-20 / Numbers 26:57-58.

In 1 Chronicles 6:22, we find Korah, the Levite who rebelled and was swallowed by the earth. Numbers 16 is said to be the son of Kohath, Amminadab; however, in 1 Chronicles 6:38, the same genealogy of Numbers 16:1 appears as ‘the son of Izhah, the son of Kohath’. It’s not unusual to find the same person with two different names, or, of course, it may well be a different Korah.

Ellicott, in his commentary, says the following concerning 1 Chronicles 6:22.

‘Amminadab is not mentioned as a son of Kohath in the Pentateuch or elsewhere. Korah, here called son of Amminadab, is called son of Izhar, son of Kohath, Exodus 6:21 / 1 Chronicles 6:18 / 1 Chronicles 6:38. Some assume that Amminadab is a ‘by-name’ of Izhar. It is more likely that the name Izhar has dropped out of the text of 1 Chronicles 6:22.’

The Uriel, mentioned in 1 Chronicles 6:24, may be the same person mentioned later in 1 Chronicles 15:5, who is a descendant of Kohath. The Elkanah mentioned in 1 Chronicles 6:25 isn’t the same person mentioned in 1 Chronicles 6:35-36, but a later relative of Ebiasaph. In 1 Chronicles 6:26-27, we find the descendants of Elkanah, but no one is sure if they are the same descendants we read later in 1 Chronicles 6:34-35.

Notice that Samuel was the son of Elkanah, 1 Chronicles 6:26-27, who was a Levite. His firstborn son was Joel, and his second son was Abijah, 1 Chronicles 6:28.

Joel and Abijah were the two sons of Samuel, who administered justice so badly that the people, being oppressed, began to murmur and demanded a king, 1 Samuel 8:1.

The Pulpit Commentary says the following, concerning 1 Chronicles 6:29-30.

‘In 1 Chronicles 6:19, the two sons of Merari, Mahli and Mushi, are given. Here, one of them, Mahli, is repeated, with six descendants, of none of whom have we any other information. From the comparison of Numbers 3:20 and Numbers 26:58, there can be no doubt that Mahli and Mushi were brothers, each of whom founded a family. The descending line of Mushi, unilluded to here, comes to the surface in Numbers 26:44-47.’

THE TEMPLE MUSICIANS

‘These are the men David put in charge of the music in the house of the LORD after the ark came to rest there. They ministered with music before the tabernacle, the tent of meeting, until Solomon built the temple of the LORD in Jerusalem. They performed their duties according to the regulations laid down for them. Here are the men who served, together with their sons: From the Kohathites: Heman, the musician, the son of Joel, the son of Samuel, the son of Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Eliel, the son of Toah, the son of Zuph, the son of Elkanah, the son of Mahath, the son of Amasai, the son of Elkanah, the son of Joel, the son of Azariah, the son of Zephaniah, the son of Tahath, the son of Assir, the son of Ebiasaph, the son of Korah, the son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi, the son of Israel; and Heman’s associate Asaph, who served at his right hand: Asaph son of Berekiah, the son of Shimea, the son of Michael, the son of Baaseiah, the son of Malkijah, the son of Ethni, the son of Zerah, the son of Adaiah, the son of Ethan, the son of Zimmah, the son of Shimei, the son of Jahath, the son of Gershon, the son of Levi; and from their associates, the Merarites, at his left hand: Ethan son of Kishi, the son of Abdi, the son of Malluk, the son of Hashabiah, the son of Amaziah, the son of Hilkiah, the son of Amzi, the son of Bani, the son of Shemer, the son of Mahli, the son of Mushi, the son of Merari, the son of Levi. Their fellow Levites were assigned to all the other duties of the tabernacle, the house of God.’ 1 Chronicles 6:31-48

Here we read about the genealogies of David’s three chief singers, Heman, Asaph, and Ethan or Jeduthun. Once the temple was built, David chose these men in order that they be responsible for the music that was associated with the temple, 1 Chronicles 6:31 / 1 Chronicles 15:16-22 / 1 Chronicles 15:27 / 1 Chronicles 16:4-6.

They ministered with music before the tabernacle, the tent of meeting, until Solomon built the temple in Jerusalem, and they performed their duties according to the regulations laid down for them, 1 Chronicles 6:32 / 1 Chronicles 24:1-19 / 1 Chronicles 28:13.

The ark of the covenant had been moved around with the tabernacle for over four hundred years. David brought all this moving of the ark and the tabernacle to an end when it was placed along with the tribes. Years later, when Solomon built the temple, the ark would have a permanent place to dwell.

Heman’s genealogy is traced in reverse to Kohath, 1 Chronicles 6:33-38. Psalm 88 is attributed to Heman. Asaph is also traced in reverse to Gershom, 1 Chronicles 6:39-43. Asaph is mentioned many times in the Bible, and at least twelve psalms are attributed to him.

It appears the singers amongst the Levites later became known by his name and were referred to as the ‘sons of Asaph,’ 2 Chronicles 20:14 / Ezra 2:41 / Psalm 50 / Psalm 73 / Psalm 83.

The genealogy of Ethan is traced back to Merari, 1 Chronicles 6:44-47. There is an Ethan mentioned in 1 Chronicles 6:42, who is of the line of Gershon and another by the same name in 1 Chronicles 6:44, of the line of Merari.

Notice the name Israel is mentioned, 1 Chronicles 6:38. We find this name being used in three different ways in this chapter.

1. It’s used to refer to Jacob, 1 Chronicles 6:38.

2. It’s used to refer to the nation as a whole, 1 Chronicles 6:49.

3. It’s used to speak of the descendants of Israel during the time of Joshua, 1 Chronicles 6:64.

Notice the text says that Asaph served at Heman’s right hand, 1 Chronicles 6:39. Later in 1 Chronicles 6:44, it’s going to be mentioned that he served on Heman’s left side. This isn’t a contradiction; this is simply two records taken from two different angles.

Ellicott, in his commentary, says the following concerning 1 Chronicles 6:44-47.

‘The pedigree of Ethan the Merarite, traced back through twelve names to Levi. Ethan is no doubt the same as Jeduthun, 1 Chronicles 25:1 / 2 Chronicles 35:15.’

The Pulpit Commentary says the following, concerning 1 Chronicles 6:48.

‘The all manner of service, from that of the three ‘leaders of song’ on their ‘cymbals of brass’, 1 Chronicles 15:19, down through the other Levitical grades, is fully illustrated in many places, 1 Chronicles 15:18-24 / 1 Chronicles 16:37-42 / 1 Chronicles 23:2-32 / 1 Chronicles 25:1-8 / 1 Chronicles 26:1-26.’

‘But Aaron and his descendants were the ones who presented offerings on the altar of burnt offering and on the altar of incense in connection with all that was done in the Most Holy Place, making atonement for Israel, in accordance with all that Moses the servant of God had commanded. These were the descendants of Aaron: Eleazar his son, Phinehas his son, Abishua his son, Bukki his son, Uzzi his son, Zerahiah his son, Meraioth his son, Amariah his son, Ahitub his son, Zadok his son and Ahimaaz his son.’ 1 Chronicles 6:49-53

Within the tabernacle, there was the holy place, Exodus 26:33, and the most holy place or Holy of Holies, Exodus 26:33-34. This is where only the high priest could enter on the Day of Atonement, Leviticus 16.

We are told that it was Aaron and his descendants who were the ones who presented offerings to God, 1 Chronicles 6:49. The information given in 1 Chronicles 6:50-52 is parallel to 1 Chronicles 6:1-15, specifically, 1 Chronicles 6:4-8.

Simmons, in his commentary, says the following.

‘These genealogies for the returning Israelites from their captivity in Babylon were important to them. It was important for them to realise that their captivity had been only an interruption of their religious and national life. These genealogies gave them a most significant link with their past. They created a continuity between the pre-exilic and post-exilic Israel.’

Gill, in his commentary, says the following concerning Aaron.

‘Those that descended from him, though of the same tribe of Levi were all priests, and they offered upon the altar of burnt offerings, the daily sacrifice, and all the offerings of the people brought to them, and on the altar of incense, they burnt incense night and morning and were appointed for all the work of the place most holy, such as were high priests of the line of Eleazar, whose work it was to go into the most holy place once a year, to make atonement for all Israel, according to all that Moses the servant of God commanded, Leviticus 16:1, and on mention of this, a list of the high priests from Aaron, in the line of Eleazar, is given, to the times of Solomon, in the four following verses, just in the same order as in 1 Chronicles 6:4.’

‘These were the locations of their settlements allotted as their territory (they were assigned to the descendants of Aaron who were from the Kohathite clan, because the first lot was for them): They were given Hebron in Judah with its surrounding pasturelands. But the fields and villages around the city were given to Caleb, son of Jephunneh. So the descendants of Aaron were given Hebron (a city of refuge), and Libnah, Jattir, Eshtemoa, Hilen, Debir, Ashan, Juttah and Beth Shemesh, together with their pasturelands. And from the tribe of Benjamin, they were given Gibeon, Geba, Alemeth and Anathoth, together with their pasturelands. The total number of towns distributed among the Kohathite clans came to thirteen. The rest of Kohath’s descendants were allotted ten towns from the clans of half the tribe of Manasseh. The descendants of Gershon, clan by clan, were allotted thirteen towns from the tribes of Issachar, Asher, and Naphtali, and from the part of the tribe of Manasseh that is in Bashan. The descendants of Merari, clan by clan, were allotted twelve towns from the tribes of Reuben, Gad and Zebulun. So the Israelites gave the Levites these towns and their pasturelands. From the tribes of Judah, Simeon, and Benjamin, they allotted the previously named towns. Some of the Kohathite clans were given as their territory towns from the tribe of Ephraim. In the hill country of Ephraim, they were given Shechem (a city of refuge), and Gezer, Jokmeam, Beth Horon, Aijalon, and Gath Rimmon, together with their pasturelands. And from half the tribe of Manasseh, the Israelites gave Aner and Bileam, together with their pasturelands, to the rest of the Kohathite clans. The Gershonites received the following: From the clan of the half-tribe of Manasseh they received Golan in Bashan and also Ashtaroth, together with their pasturelands; from the tribe of Issachar they received Kedesh, Daberath, Ramoth and Anem, together with their pasturelands; from the tribe of Asher they received Mashal, Abdon, Hukok and Rehob, together with their pasturelands; and from the tribe of Naphtali they received Kedesh in Galilee, Hammon and Kiriathaim, together with their pasturelands. The Merarites (the rest of the Levites) received the following: From the tribe of Zebulun, they received Jokneam, Kartah, Rimmono and Tabor, together with their pasturelands; from the tribe of Reuben, across the Jordan east of Jericho, they received Bezer in the wilderness, Jahzah, Kedemoth and Mephaath, together with their pasturelands; and from the tribe of Gad, they received Ramoth in Gilead, Mahanaim, Heshbon and Jazer, together with their pasturelands.’ 1 Chronicles 6:54-81

Here we read a condensed version of what is written in Joshua 21:1-42. Notice that the locations of their settlements were allotted to them as their territory, they were assigned to the descendants of Aaron who were from the Kohathite clan, because the first lot was for them, 1 Chronicles 6:54. The lot refers to Joshua’s use of the Urim and Thummim, Joshua 21:4 / Joshua 21:10. The lot was Israel’s way to know the will of God.

Hebron, 1 Chronicles 6:55, was an important location for the Patriarchs in southern Canaan. It was first called Kiriath Arba, Genesis 23:2 / Joshua 14:15 / Judges 1:10.

1. Abraham built an altar there, Genesis 13:18.

2. Abraham purchased a burial cave there, Genesis 23.

3. It was given as part of Judah’s land allocation, Joshua 15:54.

4. It was given to Caleb as a reward by Moses, Joshua 14:13-15 / Joshua 15:13 / Judges 1:20.

5. It was a Levitical city, 1 Chronicles 6:55 / Joshua 21:11 / Joshua 21:13.

6. It was a city of refuge, 1 Chronicles 6:57 / Joshua 20:7.

The forty-eight cities for the Levites were given to the sons of Aaron, 1 Chronicles 6:57, and the pasture lands around the cities, 1 Chronicles 6:55-56 / Joshua 14:6-15, were given for the animals that were brought to the Levites for offerings, which offerings were to be eaten by the Levites who lived in the cities.

Out of all the cities which were given to the Levites, six of them were designated as cities of refuge, Joshua 20:7-8. These were cities where someone could flee if they accidentally killed someone.

If some were allowed into the city, they had to live there until the death of the high priest, after which they were free to return home, Numbers 35 / Deuteronomy 19:1-10 / Joshua 20.

Thirteen cities were given to the Kohathites, 1 Chronicles 6:61. Joshua 21:5 tells us that these cities were from Ephraim, Manasseh, and Dan. The land from Ephraim is dealt with in 1 Chronicles 6:66-70. Dan is not mentioned at all. Thirteen cities were given to the sons of Gershon, 1 Chronicles 6:62, and twelve cities were given to the sons of Merari, 1 Chronicles 6:63 / Joshua 21.

There were to be three cities of refuge on the east side of the Jordan and three on the west side of the Jordan, Numbers 35. There were an additional forty-two cities given from all the tribes to the Levites, making a total of forty-eight cities for the Levites.

When we read the account in Joshua 21 and compare them with what is written here, we find the following cities mentioned. Hebron, 1 Chronicles 6:57 / Joshua 21:13. Shechem, 1 Chronicles 6:67 / Joshua 21:21.

Bezer, 1 Chronicles 6:78 / Joshua 21:36. Golan, 1 Chronicles 6:71 / Joshua 21:27. Kedesh, 1 Chronicles 6:72 / Joshua 21:32. Ramoth, 1 Chronicles 6:73 / Joshua 21:38.

Of all the cities that are mentioned here, Gezer, 1 Chronicles 6:67, is the most historically significant and strategic in reference to Israel’s security. It was located on the southern border of Ephraim’s territory, Joshua 21:21.

Later, it was occupied by the Philistines in the early years of Saul, an unknown Pharaoh who captured and burned the city, and presented it to Solomon’s daughter, 1 Kings 9:15-6. Eventually, it was destroyed by Pharaoh Sheshonk I, 1 Kings 14:25.

Ellicott, in his commentary, says the following concerning 1 Chronicles 6:68.

‘Jokmeam. Joshua has Kibzaim, Joshua 21:22, a name omitted by the LXX. Jokmeam is probably right. The other might easily be a misreading of it, owing to confusion of similar letters. The site is unknown. The four cities of 1 Chronicles 6:67-68 lay in Ephraim. Beth-horon, Gibeon, and Aijalon, the scenes of the great and providentially determined overthrow of the five kings of the Amorites, were appropriately assigned to the sacred tribe of Levi.’

The Gershonites also received land, 1 Chronicles 6:71-76 / Joshua 21:27-33. Golan in Bashan, 1 Chronicles 6:71, was a city of refuge, Joshua 20:8 / Joshua 21:27. Ashtaroth, 1 Chronicles 6:71, is mentioned in Joshua 9:10, as the capital of Og, king of Bashan.

Kedesh, 1 Chronicles 6:72 / Joshua 19:20, and is called Kishion in Joshua 21:28. Anem, 1 Chronicles 6:73 / Joshua 21:29 / Joshua 19:21, and is called En-Gannim in Joshua 15:34. Mashal, 1 Chronicles 6:74 / Joshua 21:30 / Joshua 19:26.

Hukok, 1 Chronicles 6:75, is called Helkath in Joshua 19:25. Kedesh in Galilee, 1 Chronicles 6:76, was also a city of refuge, Joshua 21:32. Hammon, 1 Chronicles 6:76 / Joshua 21:32, is also called Hammath in Joshua 19:35. Kiriathaim, 1 Chronicles 6:76, is also called Kartah in Joshua 21:32.

The Merarites also receive land, 1 Chronicles 6:77-81 / Joshua 21:34-38. Rimmon and Tabor are mentioned by name, 1 Chronicles 6:77, but in Joshua 21:34-35, four other names are mentioned, Jokneam, Kartah, Dimnah, and Nahalal.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown, in their commentary, say the following.

‘The names of the cities given here are considerably different from those applied to them, Joshua 21:13-19. In the lapse of centuries, and from the revolutions of society, changes might have been expected to take place in the form or dialectic pronunciation of the names of those cities, and this will sufficiently account for the variations that are found in the lists as enumerated here and in an earlier book.’

Bezer in the wilderness, 1 Chronicles 6:78-79, was a city of refuge, Deuteronomy 4:43.

Ellicott, in his commentary, says the following concerning 1 Chronicles 6:78-79,

‘Jahaz was assigned to Reuben at the partition of Canaan, Joshua 13:18, along with Kedemoth and Mephaath. Mesha, king of Moab, recovered it from Israel, 2 Kings 1:1. Mephaath belonged to Moab temporarily, Jeremiah 48:21. It was, according to Jerome, a garrison town in the Roman age, Joshua 13:18 / Joshua 21:37 / Deuteronomy 2:26.’

Ramoth in Gilead, 1 Chronicles 6:80 / 2 Kings 8:28, was also a city of refuge, Joshua 21:36. Mahanaim, Jazer and Heshbon, 1 Chronicles 6:80-81, were given by Moses to the Gadites, Joshua 13:25-26. Heshbon, 1 Chronicles 6:81, bordered with Gad, Isaiah 15:4 / Jeremiah 48:2.

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